War-on-Drugs-7

toc = = =//War on Drugs //= Laura Vancil Matthew Gutschenritter


 * Project Description
 * Period Seven Projects

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 * //The War on Drugs began as a response to American fear of addiction and social/political instability. Numerous organizations have been created and laws have been passed in attempts stop drug use in America, but trafficking, abuse, and violence are still caused by drugs today. // **

Late 1800s: Background
**Cocaine ** was discovered in 1860 and became popular in America soon after. **Opium **  was also popular in the far east at the time. They were used for recreational purposes as well as in medicine and drinks such as Coca-Cola.

1906: Pure Food and Drug Act
The Pure Food and Drug Act banned the use of **cocaine ** (as well as other drugs) in Coca-Cola and other food products. The effects of **cocaine and opium ** addiction were little understood at this time, but there was widespread concern about the addictiveness.

=<span style="color: #651065; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**//What historical forces led to the rise of the movement?//** =
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">The War on Drugs began out of American fear of, and ignorance about, **<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">addiction **<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">.
 * **<span style="color: #c81d0e; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Cocaine and Opium **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">, which led to the War on Drugs, were, and continue to be, found and used in countries with <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**political instability** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> such as Cambodia and Afghanistan.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">In America, drugs were associated with <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**social instability, gangs, and (before the civil rights movement) "inferior" races.**

==<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> ==

**<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Charles Henry Brent **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">, a leader in the war against drug abuse in southeast Asia, traveled to Saigon, Singapore, Japan, and China. In 1909, he led a conference in Shanghai to try to eliminate **<span style="color: #c81d0e; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">opium **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> use. The conference was unsuccessful because there was not enough power to lead a strong commission.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">1911-1912: Hague Conference
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> After the failed Shanghai Commission, **<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Brent **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> led the Hague Conference. At the conference, the Harrison Act of 1914 was drafted. It was named for Congressman **<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Francis Burton Harrison **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> (D-New York). Th e anti-narcotic Harrison Act was the first piece of legislation to regulate the sale of **<span style="color: #c81000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">opium and cocaine ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> in the United States.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">1920s: League of Nations
**<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">President Woodrow Wilson **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> led the league of nations, and attempted to make state prohibitions on **<span style="color: #c81d0e; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">marijuana **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">. However, the league was politically weak and it did not last long.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">1951: Boggs Act
<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> The Boggs Act of 1951 established minimum punishments for possession and use of **<span style="color: #c81000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">cocaine, marijuana, and opiates <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">1954: Eisenhower
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 121%;">** President Dwight Eisenhower ** officially declared a <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 880%;">« <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 880%;">//war on drugs// »

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">1956: Narcotic Control Act
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> To increase the punishments, <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**President Eisenhower** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> signed the Narcotic Control Act to further drug use penalties. The Act was a response to crime caused by drug addiction.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">1960's: CIA Looks the Other Way
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> In order to fight communism in southeast Asia (Thailand, Cambodia, Burma, Laos), the CIA was willing to allow warlords in those countries to sell drugs to raise money to fight communists. As a result, many of the drugs ended up being sold to people in the United States. Victor Marchetti (a high-ranking CIA operative) described the CIA as willing to //**<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 171.6%;">«look the other way» <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 143%;">. **//

=<span style="color: #651065; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">//**What methods/tactics were used to lead the movement?**// =
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**Laws**: Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), Boggs Act (1951), Narcotic Control Act (1956), Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act (1970), Anti-Drug Abuse Act (1986). Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act (1996)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Government Organizations: SAODAP (972), NIMH (1972), DEA (1973), Office of National Drug Control Policy (1989)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**International Conferences**: Shanghai Commission (1909), Hague Conference (1911-1912), League of Nations (1920s).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">These methods/tactics all focused on one of three different aspects of the War on Drugs: **law enforcement, addiction control, and social stigma**.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">1970: Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> In 1970 Congress passed the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act which had multiple effects. The act merged all current drug laws as well as reducing **<span style="color: #c81d0e; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">marijuana **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> penalties, expanding drug abuse programs, starting federally-funded rehab centers, categorizing and regulating different types of drugs, and broadening the polices power to search people for drugs.

==<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">1971: Nixon's Message on Drug Abuse Control == <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**//<span style="color: #404040; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 165%; text-align: right;"> «The problem has assumed the dimensions of a national emergency.» <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 165%;"> <span style="color: #404040; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 165%; text-align: center;">«Now the problem is universal.» //**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> In 1972 **<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">President Nixon **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> created the Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention (SAODAP). The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) was created and developed treatment plans. A majority of federal drug abuse prevention funding not for law enforcement but for treatment programs.

==<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">1973: Drug Enforcement Administration <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> == <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">** President Nixon ** created the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). The DEA was a consolidation of multiple federal agencies. The DEA started with only 1,470 agents but has since grown to over 5,000. Nixon called for an //**<span style="color: #404040; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 350%; text-align: center;">«all-out global war on the drug menace.» **//

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">1979: American Drug Abuse Peaks
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 121%;">According to the 1979 National Survey on Drug Abuse <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 220%;"> <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 132%;">such as <span style="color: #c81d0e; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, and heroin.**
 * //more than two-thirds of Americans age 18-25 admit to having used illicit drugs//** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">

=<span style="color: #651065; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">//**What major figures were involved in the movement?**// =
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**Charles Henry Brent** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">: Shanghai Commisson, Hague Conference.
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**Francis Burton Harrison** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">: Harrison Act
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**Woodrow Wilson** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">: League of Nations
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**Dwight Eisenhower** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">: Narcotic Control Act
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**Richard Nixon** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">: SAODAP, NIMH, DEA
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**Nancy Reagan** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">: Just Say No
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**Ronald Reagan**: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> Anti-Drug Abuse Act
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,fantasy; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px;">** George H.W. Bush **: ONDCP
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,-webkit-fantasy; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px;">** William Bennet: ** ONDCP
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,-webkit-fantasy; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px;">**Osama Bin Laden** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,-webkit-fantasy; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px;">: Taliban

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">1984: Just Say No!media type="youtube" key="8fG1tNO0_Pk" height="414" width="518" align="right"
<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 121%;">In <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 132%;">1984, first lady <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Nancy Reagan ** started the  **<span style="color: #404040; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 275%; text-align: center;">«//Just Say No!//» **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 121%;"> drug resistance initiative. The movement targets adolescents but critics believe that the campaign does not address the underlying cause of drug abuse: addiction.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">1985: New Jersey v. T.L.O.
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> The Supreme Court ruled that students are protected from unlawful drug searches at school by the fourth amendment unless administrators have "reasonable suspicion" of illegal drugs.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">1986: Anti-Drug Abuse Act
**<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">President Reagan ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 121%;"> signs the Anti-Drug Abuse Act which allocates $1.7 billion for the War on Drugs. The Act creates mandatory minimum sentences for possession and distribution of illicit drugs.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">1989: Office of National Drug Control Policy

 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">President George H.W. Bush **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> creates Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) and appoints **<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">William Bennet **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> as the leader. Bennet's policies focus on "denormalizing" drug use; the majority of funding continues to be spent on law enforcement (as opposed to treatment).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**1992: The Kingpin Strategy**
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">The DEA created the Kingpin Strategy as a way of cracking down on drug trafficking organizations. The Kingpin Strategy focused on undermining the most important aspects of the organizations process: finance, transportation, and creation.

media type="youtube" key="wQr9ezr8UeA" height="385" width="480" align="right"
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 121%;">Congress passed this act increasing the DEA's control of the production of <span style="color: #c81d0e; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 121%;">**methamphetamine's** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 121%;">. The act set restrictions on the use of chemicals and lab equipment needed to produce the drug.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">2000: Afghanistan Makes 70% of World's Opium
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">The United States government determined that the Taliban, the governing body of Afghanistan led by <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Osama Bin Laden** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">, was the worlds leading producer and seller of <span style="color: #c81d0e; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">**opium** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">. They also produced and sold <span style="color: #c81d0e; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">**heroine** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">; the profits from both drugs were used to fund their terrorist activities.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">2008: Massachusetts Decriminalizes Marijuana
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Massachusetts voters decided to lessen legal penalties for possession of <span style="color: #c81d0e; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**marijuana** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">. Other states have made their own laws regarding drug use, such as California, which legalized the use of medical <span style="color: #c81d0e; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**marijuana.**

=<span style="color: #651065; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**//Was the movement successful?//** =

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Overall, while the nature of the War on Drugs has changed, it **remains a prominent issue** in contemporary America. The War on Drugs also effects **terrorism** (Afghanistan), **immigration** (Mexico), and **national debt**. The United States number one terrorist enemy, the Taliban, is fully funded by <span style="color: #c81d0e; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**heroin** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> and <span style="color: #c81d0e; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**opium** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> sale profits. Drug trafficking from the Mexican border is a major cause of anti-immigration legislation. Not only do drug smugglers bring narcotics from Mexico to the United States, but they also produce drugs here in America. Drug trafficking is considered to be a huge crime threat to the United States. Despite the fact the United States spends billions of dollars fighting drug abuse every year, millions of **Americans continue to use illegal drugs**.

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