Temperance+Movement+of+the+19th+Century+(7)

=** toc The Temperance Movement of the 19th Century **= // **The Temperance Movement arose due to the increase of alcohol consumption and alcohol related problems in 19th Century America. The movent became one of the most vast of the Atebellum Era by way of slander, letters, newspapers, laws, and more .** //

[[image:061121_cornfield_vmed_730a.widec.jpg width="237" height="278" align="right" caption="Midwest Cornfield"]]
When new settlements formed in the midwest at the start of the 19th century, ** corn growth increased **drastically. Whisky, derived from corn, became much cheaper than coffee, tea, milk, or other common beverages of the time. Not only was it less expensive, but the lack of drinking water made it one of the few drinks available for common use. It was most popular among the lower classes because wine and rum were costly due to the high import duties on molasses that the alcohol contained. As the price of whiskey fell, drinking became a common affair. Regardless of age, race, gender, or social standing, ** everyone drank whiskey ** . The white male population consumed the most (almost 5/6 of all whiskey produced.) The typical American man was consuming a half pint of whiskey per day.

Along with being cheap, alcohol was thought to provide ** health benefits ** , including aid in digestion and prolonged sleep. It was considered healthy to have a drink before breakfast, and again before bedtime. Alcohol was also used in social circumstances, much as it is today. Friends would gather to share a drink or two, and politicians even distributed drinks on election day. However, Problems with alcohol consumption eventually began to arise.

People soon began to realize that there were ** health complications ** and ** social problems ** associated with prolonged alcohol consumption. The crime rate for both adults and juveniles rose, and almshouses (present day homeless shelters) were almost destitute. Husbands were abandoning their families and spending their money on alcohol instead of family needs. The increase in drinking also lead to abuse; drunken fathers would come home late and beat their wives and children. Only after these problems arose were temperance reform groups created. The ** t emperance movement  **, also called ** prohibiton, ** saw alcohol as "a social crisis, as well as one of the soul," and were desperate to remove the problem from society. The first temperance groups were formed in New York and Massachusetts in the early 19th century.

Hundreds of societies were now emerging. Sermons urged people to sign abstinence pledges, and anti-drinking pamphlets and periodicals were scattered throughout the country. "Temperance hotels" were formed so people could stay in non-liquor facilities, and women boycotted grocery stores that sold liquor. By 1831 2,200 local and state branches exited. Two years later the number had almost tripled. In 1833 there were over 6,000 local and state branches. The Temperance Movement was finally starting to gain momentum in the USA.

From Moderation To Abstinence
By the 1830's the face of the movement began to change. Preachers referred to **heavy drinking as a sin**, and focused on the mental //and// physical affiliations of alcoholism. Original temperance groups urged restraint from hard liquor like whiskey. However, they soon realized that people who claimed to be drinking in moderation were actually drinking large sums of alcohol. There was no way to audit the amount of alcohol each person was consuming due to the extent of the participants. In order to pevent this decietful activity, in 1836 the Temperance Movement shifted towards pressing for ** complete abstinence from hard liquor. **

The decree for absolute abstinence from hard liquor was met with a large uproar from the poor; they could only afford whiskey because of the high price of drinks containing mollases, such as wine. Supporters were accused of depriving the poor of alcohol; the rich could continue to drink sweetened wines and the poor suffered. After seeing the anger that this decree caused, the temperance societies understood that they must take action. In <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">** 1839 ** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">they announced their goal of <span style="color: #ff7d00; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">**complete abstinance from all alcohol** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">, and encouraged others to sign an abstinence pledge called a teetotalism. This <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">** teetotalism ** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">pledge was popular in small rural areas of the middle class.

** Organizations and Leaders **
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">The main organization of the Temperance Movement was the <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">** Woman's Christian Temperance Union ** (WCTU). It was founded under Woodrow Wilson's presidency in ** 1873 ** in order to elect pro-prohibition candidates for government offices. Unlike the prohibition party, the WCTU agreed to elect republicans and democrats that supported the temperance cause. Along with electing abstinence leaders, the WCTU worked to end poverty by preaching abstinence; they believed that no one would hire a man who had alcoholism in his family. Abstinence was the only way to "move up in life." The WCTU was one of the most famous temperance societies created. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;">Another major organization in the movement was the ** Sons of Temperance. ** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">It branched off from the Washington movement of <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;">** 1840 ** where 8 Baltimore ex-drinkers took the pledge to abstinence and spread temperance religously. Formed by these ** Washingtonians **in 1842, the Sons of Temperance spread from less than 10 to over 238,000 members within 10 years of its founding. The goal of the Sons of Temperance was to make prohibition seem like the right and only choice. They would create secret handshake rituals and social ceremonies where you could only attend if you pledged complete abstinence, which caught the attention of many people.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The **Anti-Saloon League** existed from that late 19th century to the early 20th century. This group believed that America was in "moral decline". The League focused on trying to close saloons, thinking that if Americans had no place to buy alcohol, then consumption would rapidly decline. The group endorsed political canidates that were opposed to alcohol, regardless of their political party. In the 1900's, the group used its steadily growing power to implement local laws against alcohol. They later expanded their efforts to create laws to end alcohol nation wide. The Anit-Saloon league submited a bill that would later become the 18th ammendment to the constitution, banning alcohol across the US.

Influencial Leaders:
**<span style="color: #ee81ee; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">France Willard: **
 * Became president of the Womans Christian Temperance Union in 1874
 * Months later, she was promoted to the national Womans Christian Temperance Union.
 * She lectured all over the coutry, pressing for prohibitionist candidates and a ban of liquor throughout the US.




 * <span style="color: #ee81ee; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Father Mathew: **
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Volunteered to priest for the Cork Total Abstinence Society in 1835 (Became president in 1838)
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Over the next few years, he visited Ireland, Scotland, England, United States
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Preached Abstinence in every US state, and enrolled over 500,000 people in the pledge for abstinence


 * <span style="color: #ee81ee; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Lymen Beecher: **
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">American Presbyterian preacher who greatly affected Temperance Reform
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Preached famous six sermons on temperance in 1814


 * Mary Hunt: **[[image:892_mary_hunt.jpg align="right" caption="Mary Hunt"]]
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Superintendent of the ** Women's Christian Temperance Union Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction **
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">One of the most powerful women in the movement
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Passed and enforced law that required schools to teach from anti-alcohol textbooks by refusing to approve all other textbooks
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Had complete control over which Textbooks books were used and which were vetoed
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">She required textbooks to enfource complete abstinence, moderation could not be shown as okay in anyway.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Educated over <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">**22 million** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">students with her pro-abstinence education

**<span style="color: #ee81ee; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">William E. Johnson: **
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Leader of the ** Anti-Saloon League **.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Previously he created and published his own Temperance newspaper and within the Anti-Saloon league he edited the League's newspaper.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Was also the editor of the Standard Encyclopedia of the Liquor Problem.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Traveled around the world to spread the movement, he traveled on behalf of the ** World League Against Alcoholism **
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Johnson was nicknamed "Pussyfoot Johnson" because of the steath of which his enforced prohibition laws.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">He is the inventor of many of the tactics used by the Anti-Saloon League. He lied, cheated, and bribed in order to enfource and promote prohibition. For example, he wrote letters pretending to be p[[image:Picture_2.png width="278" height="319" align="left" caption="William Johnson"]]ro-alcohol, pretending wanting to know how best to crush the temperanceHe later published these letters to help damage the image of the movement's opponents.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Johnson was willing to do anything to help promote the Temperance movement. He said "Did I ever lie to promote prohibition? Decidedly yes. I have told enough lies for the cause to make Ananias ashamed of himself” he also wrote, **<span style="color: #ee81ee; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">"I had to lie, bribe, and drink to put over prohibition in America" **
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">A jury found him guilty of embezzlement and doctoring documents and records to cover up his embezzlement of funds from the Anti-Saloon League

** Methods and Tactics **
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 * **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Pamphlets **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">: Handed out at religious and social gathering, anti-liquor pamphlets attempted to prove how sinful and unhealthy drinking really was.
 * **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Artwork: **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Many popular artists depicted drinking negativly in their artwork, sometimes the devil himself was drinking!
 * **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Religious Preeching **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">: ** Sermons **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">are speaches delivierd by a clergy member during mass. These sermons were often used to promote prohibition. Clergy members believed that drinking was a sin, along with other reasons, which contributed to their participation in the movement. These speaches were often exciting, lively, and instilled determination into the congregation. Sermons were a very affective tool in the movement because they reached a large part of the population. Men, woman, and children of all social classes attended church. not only did the message reach a large part of the population, but was greatly believe beacuse the message was comeing from one of gods messengers. People did not want to risk their souls and eternal life over such a silly thing as alcohol.
 * **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Politics **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">: Many politicians attempted to <span style="color: #10b110; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">**elect only abstinence leaders** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">into office, and to pass bills that banned production, importation, and consumption of alcohol. Temperance groups such as the Anti-Saloon League, Womans Christian Temperance movement, Sons of Temperance and more also attempted to elect officials that they were confident would put an end to the use of alcohol.
 * **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Newspapers: **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Reform groups such as the Anti-Saloon group used this tactic. They created newspapers to spread propoganda, attract new members, and keep old members informed.
 * **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Education: **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Young opinions are much easier to influence and mold. In school kids are tought morals and beliefs that follow them throughout life. That is why Mary Hunt created and enforced that use of ** textbooks **in schools <span style="color: #10b110; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">** that support abstinence **. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">That way, kids will learn that complete abstience from alcohol is the way to go. An example of what would be taught to minors is that it is proven that the younger you have your first alcoholic drink the more likely you are to become and alcoholic. By teaching kids about the mental, physical, social, and spiritual problems with alcohol when they are young, they are more likely to avoid it completely or drink when they are at an older age. Education was able to prevent future generations from increased alcohol consumption.
 * **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Social: **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The movement also made it <span style="color: #10b110; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">** socially unacceptable ** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">to drink. Previously in history drinking was a social affair. However not drinking was seen as "respectable" and became the status quo.

=** Post Reform- Success of the Temperance Movement **= = =

** Woman's Rights and Diminished Alcohol Use **
<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The Women's Christian Temperance Union established and supported many causes for women. These include uniform marriage and divorce laws, dress reformation, legal aid, passive demonstrations, protection of women and children at home and work, shelters for abused women and children, and more. Not only did temperance groups support women's rights, but they also helped to even start the idea that women have a voice. The temperance movement gave a voice to women and made them have faith that they could make a difference. Women participated to pass laws, print flyers, protest, and more to help the reform movement. It showed that women did have a voice and could do good. <span style="color: #db5ce0; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px;">** Consumption Facts: **
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">By 1840, the ** average intake **dropped from 6 to 3 gallons per year
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Closed 170,000 saloons nationwide
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Hospital admissions for alcohol decreased
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Hosptializations for mental problems assosiated with alcohol decreased

** 18th Ammendment **
​ <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">A major accomplishment of the Temperance movement was the 18th ammendment, which was introduced into Congress in 1917 by the ** Anti-Saloon League **, and went into effect on January 16th, ** 1920 ** <span style="color: #a20606; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">However, there was also a downside to this amendment. Bootlegging (smuggling liquor) rates rose drastically. There were 3 major sections of this ammendment:
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">** After one year **from the ratification of this article, the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

** Volstead Act **
<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The Volstead act was created to <span style="color: #3bb1ce; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">** implement the Eighteenth Amendment ** <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">to the US Constitution that established National Prohibition of alcoholic beverages. The act was named after Andrew J. Volstead who chaired the committee that oversaw the act's passge, but he was more than a sponsor than an author. Wayne Wheeler of the Anti-Saloon leage was the one who drafted the bill. The act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." The extremity of the Volstead Act caused then president Woodrow WIlson to veto the vill, but congress overrode his veto on the same day (October 28th).

N <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">ew York Daily News interpretation of the Volstead Act:

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">You ** may **drink intoxicating liquor in your own home (any place(s) you live permanently) or in the home of a friend when you are a bona fide guest.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">You **may** buy intoxicating liquor on a bona fide medical prescription of a doctor. A pint can be bought every ten days.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">You **may** keep liquor in any storage room or club locker, provided the storage place is for the exclusive use of yourself, family or bona fide guests.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">You **must** get a permit to move liquor when you change your residence.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">You **may** manufacture, sell or transport liquor for non-beverage or sacramental purposes provided you obtain a Government permit.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">You **cannot** carry a hip flask, give away or recieve alcohol as a gift, transport liquor to/from any hotel or public dining room, buy or sell home made liquor, or store alcohol in any place besides your residence.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">You also **cannot** advertise or presuede others to drink or purchase liquor

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
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