Contemporary+Women+_+EliasRobb

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= Contemporary Women's Rights =

 For centuries, women were oppressed and seen as inferior in the workforce and society. However, in the 1900's, women took charge to change this. Specific rights they were determined to earn were equality with wages and credit, reproductive rights, family law, and education.

*1920
*The 19th amendment gave women the right to vote. Other rights that were earned along with this right included: -Right to inherit property -Right to manage property -Right to earn wages/profit -Right to associate freely in public for business (Library of Congress)

***Equal Rights Amendment Proposal (1923)** *The Equal Rights Amendment was first proposed in 1923 and remained a question until it was finally defeated on June 30th, 1982. (Business and Professional Women's Foundation)
 * "Although the legal status of women has changed more rapidly in the last two decades than in the previous two hundred years, the fact remains that the U.S. Constitution still does not explicitly protect women against discrimination." (Legal historian Joan Huff, 1991)
 * 35 of 38 necessary states have ratified this ... All 38 states' ratification is necessary to make this amendment part of the United States Constitution, as well as a 2/3's majority in the House of Representatives and Senate

*World War II (1939-1945)
media type="youtube" key="WhswqZh2Rc4" height="385" width="480" 

***Women in the workforce during World War** **II**
 *There are several organizations of women who helped fight in World War II. Such organizations included WAVES, which stood for "Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service". However, the word "emergency" in the name implied that women would only be helpful during the wartime crisis. -"Rosie the Riveter" was a character the government created who portrayed the ideal female worker who was hard-working, efficient and pretty -Sometimes mothers with children younger than 6 years old were working (National Archives and Records Administration) media type="youtube" key="9CQ0M0wx00s" height="385" width="480" ("Rosie the Riveter song")
 * A labor shortage led to companies to ask for help from women because the majority of men were off fighting the war
 * The government launched a propaganda campaign to lure women into the workforce by publicizing how their work would be beneficial
 * Unlike the pre-war United States, many mothers and wives began working because the demand was so high - despite many husbands not wanting their wives to work or the women having large, young families
 * By the end of the war, 18 million women were now in the workforce, compared to the 12 million who were employed before the war 

*The Equal Pay Act of 1963
 *Passed on June 10, 1963 "1.) Depresses wages and living standards for employees necessary for their health and efficiency; 2.) Prevents the maximum utilization of the available labor resources; 3.) Tends to cause labor disputes, thereby burdening, affecting, and obstructing commerce; 4.) Burdens commerce and the free flow of goods in commerce; and 5.) Constitutes an unfair method of competition."
 * Has positively affected women's salaries
 * Although a wage gap is still present between men and women's salaries, it has drastically improved from the 1950's gap when women earned half of what men did
 * The Act claimed that wage differences based on sex:

*The Feminine Mystique and Betty Friedan
*Betty Friedan wrote and published The Feminine Mystique 1963

 *Friedan was the epitome of a successful woman, she herself being a achieved writer, wife, and mother.
 * She wrote her book to describe why women were unhappy and how they were being oppressed by their own society which was only allowing them to fit the particular mold of a dutiful housewife. //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The Feminine Mystique // <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">was responsible for first voicing the desires of the common housewife.
 * It presented the issue of the "is this all there is" feeling - women felt confined and were prevented from realizing how much the world had to offer.
 * "... Friedan pins the blame on an idealized image of femininity that she calls the feminine mystique. According to Friedan, women have been encouraged to confine themselves to the narrow roles of housewife and mother, foresaking education and career aspirations in the process. Friedan attempts to prove that the feminine mystique denies women the opportunity to develop their own identities..."
 * "[The Feminine Mystique]... sparked a national debate about women's roles..."
 * "[The Feminine Mystique]... was recognized as one of the central works works of the modern women's movement"

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">*Title VII
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> *Passed in 1964 <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">*States: "Title VII, the federal law that prohibits most workplace harassment and discrimination, covers all private employers, state and local governments, and educational institutions with 15 or more employees" __*Title VII also states:__ "It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer-- (1) to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin;" <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">media type="custom" key="6292639"

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">*Title IX
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">*Passed by President Nixon on June 23, 1972
 * It was a law that was, "passed in 1972 that requires gender equity for boys and girls in every educational program that receives federal funding."
 * The law states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance."
 * An important factor of Title IX: "Most people who know about Title IX think it applies only to sports, but athletics is only one of 10 key areas addressed by the law. These areas are: Access to Higher Education, Career Education, Education for Pregnant and Parenting Students, Employment, Learning Environment, Math and Science, Sexual Harassment, Standardized Testing and Technology."

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">*Sandra Day O'Connor (1930- )
<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> *Nominated on July 7, 1981 by President Ronal Reagan as FIRST female supreme court justice -->In 1970: O'Connor voted to repeal Arizona's laws which nearly made abortions illegal procedures -Opposing a resolution that was seeking to create a constitutional ban on abortion -Opposing an attempt to limit women's access to get an abortion
 * Was replacing Justice Potter Stewart - who was retiring
 * Confirmed by the Senate 99-0 on September 21, 1981
 * Sworn in on Thursday, September 24, 1981
 * "As if in anticipation of her arrival, the Court abandoned its formal use of "Mr. Justice" as the form of address, opting for the simpler and gender-neutral, "Justice."
 * Left office on Monday, January 30, 1006
 * Served the Supreme Court for 24 years, 4 months and 6 days
 * Favored women having the right to have an abortion**
 * Continued to demonstrate her favoring of abortion by:

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">*Hillary Clinton (1947- )
<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">*Nominated as a United States senator for the state of New York in 2000 and again in 2006 -Before Clinton, "No woman has ever been nominated by a major party for President of the United States" -**February 200****9** visit to Asia to encourage equality amongst men and women ~"Clinton repeatedly promoted her view by claiming that, "The best way to improve economic and political conditions around the world is to empower more women." ~Mrs. Clinton to a group of leaders and female academics in Beijing, China: "I believe strongly that if women are not full participants in society, the society does not advance the way that it could. And if women are denied their rights, it affects children, families and the entire social structure." ~Also speaking on her trip to Asia: "We need to remain vigilant against a backlash that tries to turn the clock back on women and human rights, countries where leaders are threatened ... by democracy and women are made the scapegoats." ^However, she also stated that, "It's a wonderful time to be a young woman." (February 2009)
 * Ran for president in the **2008 presidential election**... She lost
 * Nominated by President Barack Obama as Secretary of State
 * Women's rights advocate
 * Clinton still believes that there is work to be done and that, "In no society are women treated equally yet..."

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">

//In a recent study, "Women have achieved greater equality, according to 72 percent of [American] men and 69 percent of [American] women."// <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Works Cited
<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> ﻿The Oyez Project, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor. 3 June 2010. <<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">[|http://oyez.org/justices/sandra_day_oconnor] >

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">"Women's Rights." <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Global Issues in Context Online Collection. Gale, 2010. Web. 29 Apr. 2010. <http://find.galegroup.com/gic/ infomark.do?&contentSet=GREF&type=retrieve&tabID=&prodId=GIC&docId=CP3208520110&s ource=gale&userGroupName=mlin_m_wayhs&version=1.0>.

"Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 - Title VII." <span style="font-family: Arial,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">HRhero <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">. M. Lee Smith Publishers LLC, 2010. Web. 23 May 2010.

"TitleIX.info - History ." <span style="font-family: Arial,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Title IX <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">. N.p., 2010. Web. 23 May 2010. <http://www.titleix.info/History/History-Overview.aspx>.

"Rosie The Riveter." <span style="font-family: Arial,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">County College of Morris <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">. The Learning Resource Center at the County College of Morris, 1 Nov. 2007. Web. 3 June 2010. <http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http:archive.ccm.edu/rosie/images/ WeCanDoItPoster%255B1%255D.jpg&imgrefurl=http://archive.ccm.edu/rosie/ index.htm&h=1115&w=844&sz=139&tbnid=lwfYFF20nwmMrM:&tbnh=258&tbnw=195&prev=/ images%3Fq%3Drosie%2Bthe%2Briveter&usg=__Hy0fdsYWYAgTevibbS1V6SxhVeA=&sa=X&ei=qhg ITPahA4O88gb1jtWPAQ&ved=0CCIQ9QEwAA>.

Marie, Napierkowski Rose. "The Feminine Mystique: Introduction.'" <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Nonfiction <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"> <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Classics for Students <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">. Gale, Jan. 2006. Web. 23 May 2010. <http://www.enotes.com/feminine-mystique/introduction>.

"Increasing Equality for Women." <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Global Issues in Context Online Collection <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">. Gale, Cengage Learning, 2010. Web. 6 May 2010. <http://find.galegroup.com/gic/ infomark.do?&contentSet=GREF&type=retrieve&tabID=T0012&prodId=GIC&docId=CP3208575 126&source=gale&userGroupName=mlin_m_wayhs&version=1.0>.

"The Image and Reality of Women who Worked During World War II." <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Rosie the <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"> <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Riveter: Women Working During World War II <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">. National Park Service, n.d. Web. 3 June 2010. <http://www.nps.gov/pwro/collection/website/ rosie.htm>.

Hymowitz, Carol. "Secretary Clinton Presses for Women's Rights." <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Forbes <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">. N.p., 24 Feb. 2009. Web. 3 June 2010. <http://www.forbes.com/2009/02/24/ secretary-state-feminism-opinions-contributors_hillary_clinton.html>.

"Hillary Rodham Clinton." <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Wikipedia <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">. N.p., 31 May 2010. Web. 3 June 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Hillary_Rodham_Clinton#United_States_Senator>.

"The Equal Pay Act of 1963." <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Essortment <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">. N.p., 2010. Web. 23 May 2010. <http://beta.essortment.com/14640-equal-pay-act-1963.html>.

Coultan, Mark. "Feminist Icon Betty Friedan Dies on Her Birthday." <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The Age //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">. The Age Co. Ltd., 6 Feb. 2006. Web. 23 May 2010. <http://www.theage.com.au/ news/world/feminist-icon-betty-friedan-dies-on-her-birthday/2006/02/05/ 1139074106712.html>. <span style="font-family: Arial,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">